Marking six decades of ties, Malaysia’s High Commissioner to Singapore reflects on shared history, regional cooperation, and a future of deeper integration.

Singapore, September 2025 – Malaysia and Singapore are commemorating 60 years of diplomatic relations this year, underscoring a relationship built on shared history, daily connectivity, and strong people-to-people bonds. In a wide-ranging conversation with IN Diplomacy’s Editor-in-Chief, Ms Nomita Dhar, Malaysia’s High Commissioner to Singapore, Dato’ Indera Dr Azfar Mohamad Mustafar, reflected on the milestones and spirit that define this enduring partnership.

At 60 years of diplomatic ties, how would you describe the Malaysia–Singapore relationship today, and how do regular leaders’ meetings help sustain it?

The relationship is strong, multifaceted, and constantly evolving. We’ve built a foundation of trust over decades, and today it’s anchored not just in policy but in people-to-people ties. The annual Malaysia–Singapore Leaders’ Retreat is a key mechanism that keeps our cooperation on track. It allows both Prime Ministers to review progress, resolve issues, and set new directions. The 11th Retreat in Putrajaya was especially meaningful—it marked the first meeting between Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim and Prime Minister Lawrence Wong in this format, and the tone was one of deep mutual respect. We signed major agreements—including the Johor–Singapore Special Economic Zone and MOUs on carbon credits and renewable energy cooperation. Singapore also announced plans to open consulates in Sabah and Sarawak, further deepening our people-to-people ties. The retreat reaffirmed our shared commitment to resolving outstanding issues constructively and expanding collaboration across trade, infrastructure, and sustainability.

How do Malaysia and Singapore maintain strong bilateral ties through infrastructure, investment, trade, and tourism, and what is the status of the High-Speed Rail project?

Malaysia and Singapore share a dynamic relationship anchored in daily connectivity, economic cooperation, and institutional presence. Over 300,000 people cross the Causeway each day, reflecting deep social and economic ties. To ease congestion, both governments are upgrading checkpoints and coordinating infrastructure plans, including the Rapid Transit System (RTS) Link and the proposed Kuala Lumpur–Singapore High-Speed Rail (HSR). Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim has stated that Malaysia is open to reviving the HSR through full private sector participation, with seven concept proposals already reviewed and a formal Request for Proposal (RFP) expected soon. Singapore remains open to new proposals.

Beyond infrastructure, bilateral trade reached S$123.6 billion in 2023, with Singapore as Malaysia’s largest source of foreign direct investment. Tourism is also vital, supported by Malaysia’s institutional offices in Singapore: MITI (Trade Commission), MIDA (Investment Development Authority), and the Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board, all of which actively promote business, investment, and cultural exchange. These agencies help keep the relationship well-oiled, fostering long-term cooperation in areas like digital economy, sustainability, and talent mobility.

How is the Johor–Singapore Special Economic Zone (JS-SEZ) shaping bilateral cooperation, and what kind of interest has it received so far?

We have seen great interest from both sides of the border—investors, businesses, and institutions alike. The Johor–Singapore Special Economic Zone, launched during the Leaders’ Retreat in January 2025, is a transformative initiative. It’s designed to attract high-value investment, create 20,000 skilled jobs, and foster collaboration across sectors like manufacturing, logistics, digital economy, and green energy. What’s exciting is the momentum: we’ve already set up a one-stop Invest Malaysia Facilitation Centre in Johor, introduced QR code clearance at land checkpoints, and initiated TVET partnerships to align talent development. Singapore-based companies are exploring twinned operations, and with incentives like 5% tax rates for strategic industries, the JS-SEZ is poised to contribute USD 28 billion to Johor’s GDP by 2030. It’s not just about economics—it’s about building a shared future.

How has Malaysia shown leadership as ASEAN Chair in 2025, especially in managing regional tensions?

Malaysia has taken a proactive role as ASEAN Chair, especially during recent border tensions between Cambodia and ������. Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim quickly reached out to both sides, inviting their leaders to dialogue and helping prevent escalation. Malaysia hosted a special ASEAN meeting that led to a ceasefire and reaffirmed regional cooperation. It reflects our commitment to ASEAN’s core goals—peace, prosperity, and stability—and shows that timely diplomacy can deliver real results.

What makes the social fabric of Malaysia and Singapore feel so closely connected?

Malaysia and Singapore share deep-rooted ties—geography, history, and most importantly, people. Many families span both sides of the border, creating a sense of “nation within a nation.” We share food, culture, and common aspirations: to be developed, peaceful, and prosperous nations that provide a good life for our citizens. These connections go beyond policy—they’re lived every day, and they will continue for generations.

What is your message to Singaporeans ahead of Visit Malaysia 2026?

We warmly invite our Singaporean neighbours to experience the best of Malaysia during Visit Malaysia 2026. Whether you love beaches, mountains like Mount Kinabalu, lush rainforests, or vibrant cities, Malaysia offers something for every kind of traveller. From quick weekend getaways to longer cultural immersions, the proximity makes it easy and convenient. So come explore, relax, and reconnect—Malaysia is ready to welcome you with open arms.

How have you used Rumah Malaysia during your time in Singapore, and what does it represent in your diplomatic work?

Rumah Malaysia has always been more than a residence—it’s a space for connection. During my tenure, I’ve opened it for festive occasions like Chinese New Year, welcoming guests to enjoy Malaysian food, culture, and hospitality. Its serene location near the Botanic Gardens adds to the warmth and charm. It’s where diplomacy meets community, and I believe future High Commissioners will continue using it to build lasting ties with Singaporeans and the wider diplomatic circle.

What message does Malaysia’s orchid diplomacy at Gardens by the Bay send to Singapore?

It’s a gesture of friendship, beauty, and shared heritage. Through Pesona Anggerik: Truly Asia Orchids, we’re celebrating 60 years of Malaysia–Singapore ties with over 600 native and hybrid orchids showcased in a traditional Malay setting. It’s not just a floral exhibition—it’s a living symbol of how our relationship continues to bloom. As neighbours, we’ve built strong cooperation across trade, tourism, education, and sustainability. This display is our way of saying: Malaysia and Singapore are rooted together, and we look forward to growing even closer.

What is your message to Malaysians living in Singapore, and what do you personally enjoy most here?

My message is simple: respect the laws of Singapore, uphold good conduct, and always carry yourself in a way that makes Malaysia proud. You are ambassadors of our country, and your actions reflect our values. As for me, I truly enjoy the hawker centres here—there’s something special about the variety, the flavours, and the shared culture around food. It reminds me how close our two nations are, not just geographically, but in spirit.

The Embassy of Indonesia in Singapore shares insights on bilateral trade, product availability, regulatory frameworks, and areas for deeper economic partnership.

SINGAPORE, 27 June 2025 – As part of the IN Diplomacy Trade Talk Series, the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Singapore provided an in-depth overview of Indonesia’s trade structure, evolving regulatory landscape, and key areas of cooperation with Singapore. The interview, facilitated by Sun Media, underscored the dynamic trade flows between the two countries and Indonesia’s broader role as a major player in regional and global commerce.

Q: What are the main products traded between Indonesia and its international partners?

For the past decade, Indonesia has stood as one of the best emerging economies and a commodities powerhouse in global trade. Indonesia’s top exports are dominated by manufacturing goods and natural resources. Indonesia’s exports of manufacturing goods serve as the backbone of its export structure. Some of the notable products include electronic and electrical products, appliances and machinery, steel and stainless-steel products, automotive products, footwear, apparel and clothing products, and rubber products. These exports are complemented by a prominent share of commodities. Mineral fuels such as coal and petroleum accounted for 21% of Indonesia’s export value last year. Palm oil products, another staple export, represented more than 11% of Indonesia’s total exports.

Other emerging commodities include metal products such as iron, copper, and nickel. The export of these products aligns with Indonesia’s key policy of downstreaming in the mineral sector and the effort to integrate strategically into the global manufacturing value chain. In turn, Indonesia’s key imports reflect its development needs. Machinery and equipment, electronics, and refined oil for domestic industries together account for over a quarter of total imports. Other major imports include iron and steel, chemicals, plastics, and food staples such as wheat and sugar, highlighting Indonesia’s ongoing drive to build its industrial base and support a growing population.

Q. Are there any specific regulations or requirements that businesses must be aware of when trading with Indonesia?

Indonesia has undergone a major transformation in terms of its regulatory framework in the past decade. All the policies and regulations in Indonesia now fully support the ease of doing business. A series of deregulations, simplifications, and the introduction of online-based licensing systems have been fully developed and implemented to cut red tape and ensure easier access for business sectors, while maintaining good governance, accountability, and transparency.

Businesses entering the Indonesian market still need to navigate a few important regulations. For export and import activities, certain fundamental principles and licensing processes must be complied with, particularly for products requiring protection on the basis of consumer safety and health. Products such as food, pharmaceuticals, seeds, and chemicals may require extra permits or testing approvals. In domestic trade, since 2013, Indonesia has imposed labelling and standards regulations. Imported food, beverages, and medicine are required to have labels in Bahasa Indonesia. For non-food manufacturing products, compliance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for safety is also mandatory.

Q. Are Indonesian products available in Singaporean retail outlets? If so, which products are commonly found?

Yes, we are gratefully informed that a wide variety of Indonesian products are readily available in all of Singapore’s retail outlets. Perhaps the most popular example is Indomie instant noodles, a household-name Indonesian brand that stocks the shelves of major Singapore supermarkets. Alongside these, Singaporean grocery stores carry Indonesian spices, sauces, and condiments like sweet soy sauce (kecap manis), chilli paste, snacks, and beverages. Teh Botol, mineral water, and other flavoured drinks from Indonesia are also well-loved by local consumers.

Singapore also imports a large selection of fresh products from Indonesia. In both major retailers and traditional markets, it is easy to find Indonesian seafood, including fish, crabs, and shrimp. Since 2023, Indonesia has successfully gained full market access for poultry exports to Singapore, covering live, chilled, and frozen chicken, as well as fresh eggs. These products are now widely available in Singapore’s retail chains. In addition, fresh bananas, mangosteens, pineapples, leafy greens, tomatoes, edamame, and other fruits and vegetables from Indonesia are distributed daily. Indonesian coffee beans (from Java, Sumatra, and Toraja), snack foods, and artisanal goods such as batik textiles and handcrafted furniture are also available, showcasing the strong cultural and commercial ties between both nations.

Q. Which Singaporean products would you like to see more of in the Indonesian market?

Indonesia is interested in seeing more Singaporean goods and services that align with Indonesia’s development goals. In terms of sectors, Indonesia is looking for more of Singapore’s knowledge-intensive and innovative products—particularly in green energy and digital innovation—to support the nation’s growth trajectory. Singapore is known for its urban green energy technology, and Indonesia would welcome greater availability of solar panels, waste-to-energy systems, and energy-efficient infrastructure tools to accelerate the shift toward renewable energy and low-carbon growth.

Similarly, Singapore’s leadership in the digital economy—ranging from fintech platforms and digital payment systems to smart city solutions—is highly regarded. Expanding these services into the Indonesian market could support broader goals like financial inclusion and better urban management. Indonesia’s growing middle class is also driving demand for high-quality healthcare and pharmaceutical products, educational services, and premium lifestyle goods, all of which Singapore is well-positioned to provide.

Q. What are the key benefits and challenges of doing trade with Indonesia?

Engaging in trade with Indonesia offers significant benefits, but of course, it also comes with a few challenges that businesses must navigate. On the benefit side, Indonesia provides access to a large and growing domestic market. With over 280 million people, Indonesia is Southeast Asia’s largest economy and one of the world’s fastest-growing emerging markets, achieving average annual growth rates above 5% in recent years. Its expanding middle class is driving increased demand for imported goods, both consumer and capital-related. In addition, Indonesia is rich in natural resources, offering international businesses competitive access to commodities like energy, minerals, and agricultural products. Its central location within ASEAN also makes it a strategic base for regional trade.

Indonesia’s industrial sector presents further opportunities for businesses to manufacture locally. With the Omnibus Law now in effect, there is greater certainty and flexibility for foreign investors operating in the country. A relatively skilled workforce and reformed labour regulations also support productive industrial output. On the logistics front, government-led reforms—especially the implementation of the National Logistics Ecosystem (NLE)—are aimed at improving efficiency and reducing operational costs. At the regional level, Indonesia is a member of 37 free trade agreements (FTAs), including the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). However, businesses must be prepared to navigate regulatory complexities and market nuances. Understanding Indonesia’s diverse local markets, building strong partnerships, and ensuring administrative compliance are essential for success.

Q. How can companies in Singapore connect with potential business partners or contacts in Indonesia?

Singaporean companies can go plenty of ways to connect with potential partners and contacts in Indonesia, leveraging both government support and private networks. Of course, all Singaporean businesses are more than welcome to seek more information from the Indonesian Embassy in Singapore. The Embassy maintains close collaboration with Singaporean agencies like Enterprise Singapore, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI), and the Singapore Food Agency (SFA). These organisations offer market insights, facilitate business matching, and help Singaporean companies connect with vetted Indonesian partners.

Beyond official channels, businesses can also tap into industry associations such as the Singapore Business Federation (SBF), Singapore Manufacturing Federation (SMF), and Indonesia’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN). These bodies frequently organise trade missions and networking events. Participation in major trade fairs, such as the annual Trade Expo Indonesia or other sector-specific exhibitions across Indonesian cities, is another effective avenue. Furthermore, engaging with consultants, B2B platforms, and professional networks is a recommended approach. Relationship-building is critical in Indonesia’s business culture, so companies are advised to invest time in visiting the country, meeting partners face-to-face, and building trust.

Q. In what ways can the Indonesian Embassy support Singaporean businesses interested in trading with Indonesia?

In recent years, the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Singapore has been very active in promoting trade, tourism, and investment sectors to Singapore audiences, acting as a bridge to strengthen bilateral ties. It offers support in multiple ways. The Embassy is structured with four main departments, including Economy and Education, and it is staffed by 13 technical attachés covering areas such as Trade, Investment, Legal Affairs, Immigration, and Labour. These departments provide assistance and guidance for Singaporean businesses to learn more about Indonesia’s policies, regulations, and opportunities.

The Embassy’s Trade Attaché and Indonesian Investment Promotion Centre (IIPC) regularly organise and facilitate business forums, networking events, and market update briefings, such as the quarterly Indonesia Update Forum. These events are often held in collaboration with Singaporean business associations and educational institutions. The Embassy also arranges business missions to Indonesia, helping companies meet with potential local partners and relevant government agencies. In addition to market intelligence, it provides practical support, including guidance on business visa applications, regulatory clarification, and facilitation of initial communications with Indonesian ministries or local authorities.

Q: Which Indonesian products offer tariff or cost advantages for Singaporean importers under current or future trade agreements?

Singaporean importers enjoy significant tariff advantages when sourcing Indonesian products, thanks to ASEAN’s free trade regime and newer agreements like the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Within ASEAN, nearly all goods traded intra-regionally are duty-free, as the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) has eliminated tariffs on around 90% of product categories among the major economies since 2010. This means that a wide range of Indonesian products—from palm oil and coffee to garments and electronics—can enter Singapore without import duties. Given Singapore’s own low-tariff structure, this ensures Indonesian goods remain highly competitive in the local market.

The RCEP, in force since 2022–2023, further enhances this advantage. With 15 Asia-Pacific member countries, it will eventually eliminate 92% of tariffs on traded goods. While some of RCEP’s benefits to Singapore importers are indirect, they are substantial—lower tariffs for Indonesian goods in third markets like China or Japan make regional supply chains more attractive. Singapore-based traders can source from Indonesia and re-export under favourable conditions. The agreement also simplifies rules of origin, making it easier for firms to count Indonesian components in regional exports. Future trade initiatives, including Indonesia’s accession to the CPTPP and a proposed EU-Indonesia FTA, are expected to offer even broader tariff incentives for bilateral trade.

Q. What types of partnerships is Indonesia currently seeking, for example, in areas such as investment, innovation, or education?

Indonesia is actively seeking a broad range of international partnerships to support its national development agenda, which currently focuses on areas such as trade, investment, energy, technology, and education, particularly in strategic sectors like agriculture, green energy, and the digital economy. In investment, Indonesia welcomes foreign involvement in infrastructure, renewable energy, manufacturing, and downstream industries. The government sees foreign direct investment (FDI) as critical to enhancing domestic capacity and productivity. With a young, tech-savvy population and a growing startup ecosystem, Indonesia is also open to partnerships in innovation sectors, especially fintech, e-commerce, cybersecurity, and artificial intelligence.

Green energy and sustainability are another top priority. Indonesia aims to increase renewable energy adoption and reduce emissions, and it looks to Singapore and other partners for both technological and financial collaboration, whether in solar, wind, geothermal projects, or carbon capture and storage. The government is also focused on food security and seeks agri-tech partnerships to modernise its agricultural systems. Recent MOUs with Singapore on food safety and farming innovation, including a “Young Farmers” exchange programme, reflect this goal. In the education sector, Indonesia is pushing for more academic cooperation, vocational training, and research linkages. The Youth Mobility Programme with Singapore, which enables student exchanges and internships, represents a step toward globalising Indonesia’s workforce and enriching cross-border knowledge-sharing.

Singapore’s President Tharman Shanmugaratnam highlights the importance of long-term cooperation, investment in developing nations, and sustainable infrastructure to address global instability

On 7 April 2025, President Tharman Shanmugaratnam took to X (@Tharman_S) to share his views on the ongoing global disorder, calling for stronger international partnerships and investment in developing nations to create a more secure and sustainable future.

Speaking on the long-term nature of today’s global instability, President Tharman urged like-minded nations, both developed and developing, to unite in building shared prosperity. He emphasised the importance of forward-looking strategies that transcend borders and focus on inclusive growth.

The Singaporean President also highlighted the quiet yet critical investment revolution unfolding across developing countries. Such efforts, he noted, are not only essential for generating employment in youthful populations but also key to fostering global economic resilience, reducing the risk of future conflict, and accelerating the transition to a cleaner world.

Citing India’s significant infrastructure growth as an example, President Tharman pointed to the nation’s large-scale expansion of roads and electricity. This includes the development of one of the world’s largest interconnected energy grids, which he said has improved mobility, boosted education access among the youth, and enhanced the daily lives of women.

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H.E. Dato’ Dr. Azfar bin Mohamad Mustafar, the High Commissioner of Malaysia to Singapore, expressed his enthusiasm on 2025 being a milestone year in Malaysia Singapore ties, stating that “2025 will be an interesting year and an important year for Malaysian High Commission in Singapore.”

He highlighted the successful start to the year, marked by Prime Minister Lawrence Wong’s visit to Malaysia for the annual retreat with Prime Minister Anwar. A key outcome of this meeting was the signing of the Johor Singapore Special Economic Zone, which High Commissioner noted has a “good framework” in place, awaiting private sector to move forward.

This year, also marks a significant milestone in Malaysia-Singapore relations, as they celebrate their 60th anniversary. To commemorate this occasion, the High Commission of Malaysia in Singapore has planned various activities in collaboration with Sun Media, including a seminar on Malaysia’s economic activities and a series of podcasts discussing Malaysia-Singapore relations.

High Commissioner extended an invitation to all, saying, “I encourage all of you to work with us as we celebrate 2025.”

Sentosa kicks off a festive celebration with carnivals, immersive attractions, and family-friendly experiences – all free for visitors.

Singapore, 26 December 2024 – Sentosa Island is welcoming the holiday season with A Big, Big World, a grand festival featuring a mix of exciting attractions, live entertainment, and festive experiences designed for visitors of all ages. Running throughout December, this large-scale celebration offers free admission, providing families and friends with the perfect getaway to enjoy the festive spirit without additional costs.

The festival transforms Sentosa into a playground of wonder, with larger-than-life installations, themed carnival rides, and interactive zones spread across the island. Visitors can look forward to dynamic performances by local artists, dazzling light displays, and family-oriented activities that highlight Sentosa’s position as one of Singapore’s premier leisure destinations. Special festive zones will showcase cultural performances and international street acts, bringing a global flavor to the event.

Key attractions include a sprawling holiday market offering seasonal treats, artisan crafts, and unique souvenirs. Food lovers can indulge in a curated selection of local and international cuisines, with pop-up dining experiences set up along the beaches and at key landmarks. For thrill-seekers, A Big, Big World also introduces adrenaline-pumping adventure zones, while nature lovers can enjoy serene evening strolls along illuminated trails.

Beyond entertainment, the festival aims to support local businesses and artists, with collaborative events and workshops designed to showcase Singapore’s creative talent. Visitors can participate in craft-making sessions, interactive art installations, and eco-friendly workshops, promoting sustainability and community involvement.

As part of Sentosa Development Corporation’s initiative to boost tourism and community engagement, A Big, Big World reflects the island’s ongoing efforts to position itself as a top-tier destination for both locals and international visitors. The event aligns with Singapore’s broader tourism recovery efforts, encouraging families to rediscover local attractions while fostering a sense of togetherness during the holiday season.

Sentosa’s picturesque beaches, lush greenery, and iconic attractions serve as the perfect backdrop for this festive extravaganza, promising visitors not only entertainment but also a sense of escape and relaxation. With activities running day and night, A Big, Big World ensures there’s something for everyone to enjoy.

The Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, Lawrence Wong, congratulated Prime Minister Narendra Modi on his historic third
term and expressed confidence in India’s continued development and its growing international role under his leadership. In return, Prime Minister Modi congratulated Prime Minister Wong on assuming office and expressed optimism that, under his stewardship, Singapore would continue to thrive as a model of economic development.

The Prime Ministers acknowledged the shared history and strong friendship between India and Singapore, built on trust, mutual respect, and extensive cooperation across political, economic, security, technological, educational, and cultural spheres. They reviewed the progress of the bilateral relationship, which has evolved into comprehensive cooperation, and agreed to elevate this to a ‘Comprehensive Strategic Partnership’ to deepen ties further. With the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations approaching next year, they expressed their commitment to marking this milestone by enhancing bilateral engagement.

Both leaders welcomed the recent second meeting of the India-Singapore Ministerial Roundtable (ISMR) in Singapore, which set a forward-looking agenda for cooperation under six key pillars. They also emphasised the potential for increased collaboration in Green Hydrogen and Green Ammonia and welcomed the partnerships already underway between Indian and Singaporean companies in these areas. To further strengthen collaboration, they directed their teams to develop a cooperation framework under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement.

Prime Minister Wong expressed appreciation for India’s decision to exempt Singapore from the export ban on non-Basmati white rice, to which Prime Minister Modi affirmed India’s commitment to supporting Singapore’s food security efforts. They also highlighted the importance of Singapore’s participation in the International Solar Alliance and Global Biofuels Alliance, agreeing that both countries could collaborate further to promote sustainable development.

They welcomed the signing of an MoU on Digital Technologies, affirming their shared interest in data, AI, and cybersecurity. Building on this, both leaders agreed to expand digital collaboration, including cross-border data flows, cybersecurity, and digital system interoperability. Discussions have commenced toward a bilateral Cyber Policy Dialogue, with plans to renew the MoU on Cybersecurity Cooperation between their respective Cyber Emergency Response Teams.

They commended the success of the UPI-PayNow linkage and other digital initiatives, including ONDC-Proxtera connectivity and TradeTrust, which enables interoperable electronic Bills of Lading (eBLs) in Letter of Credit transactions. The recent TradeTrust live transaction between Singapore and India, a global first for a paperless shipping process, marked a milestone in reducing costs and enhancing trade financing. Both countries will expand TradeTrust’s adoption to more companies for similar transactions and explore collaboration in critical and emerging technologies.

In a pivotal gathering that further cemented the relationship between Singapore and India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi participated in a business roundtable hosted in Singapore. The event, attended by top government officials and key industry leaders, highlighted ongoing efforts to deepen bilateral economic ties and foster collaboration in emerging sectors. This roundtable marks PM Modi’s third official visit to Singapore, underscoring the strategic importance both countries place on their partnership.

During the event, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade and Industry, Gan Kim Yong, warmly welcomed PM Modi and his delegation, noting the rapid economic transformation India has experienced since Modi’s first visit in 2015, especially in renewable energy, electronics, and electric vehicles. Singapore, as a long-term partner, has supported India’s growth and was India’s largest investor in the financial year 2022, contributing around 23% of India’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows since 2000. This close economic partnership is sustained by robust business relationships, and the roundtable offered a platform to discuss expanding these partnerships into new growth sectors.

Deputy Prime Minister Gan emphasised the potential for businesses in both countries to explore emerging industries while building on traditional connections. Leaders from diverse sectors attended the roundtable, reflecting the broad scope of collaboration opportunities in areas such as industrial parks, skills development, infrastructure, and digitalisation. The gathering also referenced commitments made during the recent India-Singapore Business Roundtable to enhance collaboration in these strategic fields.

The Prime Ministers agreed that advanced manufacturing, particularly in developing resilient semiconductor supply chains, can be a new pillar of bilateral cooperation.

A significant outcome of PM Modi’s visit was the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the India-Singapore Semiconductor Ecosystem Partnership. This MoU supports India’s ambition to become a global hub for semiconductor manufacturing by leveraging Singapore’s established semiconductor ecosystem. Exchanged in the presence of PM Modi and Singapore’s Prime Minister Lawrence Wong, the MoU was signed by Gan Kim Yong and India’s Minister of Electronics and Information Technology, Ashwini Vaishnaw, during the India-Singapore Ministerial Roundtable on August 26, 2024.

This collaboration will involve policy exchanges on ecosystem development, supply chain resilience, and workforce training. To facilitate these initiatives, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and India’s Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) will establish a Policy Dialogue. Additionally, a business-to-business Cooperation Forum, led by Enterprise Singapore and the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), will be set up to foster private-sector partnerships, enabling businesses in both countries to collaborate and capitalise on opportunities in the semiconductor industry. Gan expressed optimism about the MoU, highlighting Singapore’s pivotal role in the global semiconductor supply chain.

During the visit, an MoU on cooperation in the field of Educational Cooperation and Skills Development was signed, and both prime ministers were happy to explore further collaboration in skills certification.

They reaffirmed the progress in skills development cooperation with the establishment of five skill centres in India, where Singaporean institutions provided consultancy services and undertook turnkey projects.

Prime Minister Modi’s interaction with students and young professionals was a noteworthy aspect of the visit. Engaging with students from the India Ready Talent Programme and interns from the Odisha World Skills Center, who are working with Singaporean companies, highlighted the commitment to fostering a strong people-to-people connection. This engagement also reinforced the shared vision of developing a skilled workforce capable of meeting the demands of a rapidly changing global economy.

The Prime Ministers welcomed the signing of the MoU on cooperation in the field of Health and Medicine. They agreed to strengthen cooperation in healthcare, medical education, research, and human resource development in both countries.

They acknowledged the potential of human resource development in the health sector. The duo also called for an early conclusion of the proposed MoU on Nursing Talent Skills Corporation between the Government of Assam and Singapore India Partnership Office and MOH Holdings Pte Ltd of the Government of Singapore.

They noted the potential to enhance cooperation in the maritime and aviation sectors between India and Singapore, including areas such as green shipping and maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO).

They welcomed investment from Singapore in the Indian Civil Aviation Sector and expressed their hope that this will lead to improved connectivity between the two countries. They recognised the growth in travel demand between the two countries and encouraged the civil aviation authorities of both countries to discuss expanding the bilateral Air Services Agreement to enhance air connectivity.

They reaffirmed the importance of trade, investments, defence cooperation, culture, and people-topeople exchanges in overall bilateral cooperation.

The duo welcomed the regular high-level visits and consultations between India and Singapore. Prime Minister Modi thanked Prime
Minister Wong and Senior Minister Lee for Singapore’s support for India’s G20 Presidency in 2023 and the participation of several Ministers, officials, and other dignitaries from Singapore in G20 meetings in India, including the visit of the then Prime Minister Lee to India for the G20 Leaders’ Summit in Delhi. Prime Minister Wong congratulated Prime Minister Modi for the success of India’s G20 Presidency.

They reaffirmed the importance of the deep and longstanding defence relationship between the two nations which is built on close
historical ties, shared strategic perspectives, and common interests. Noting the high level of exchanges and bilateral exercises by the three services (Army Exercise Agni Warrior, Navy Exercise SIMBEX & SITMEX, and Air Force Exercise JMT), they commended the Armed Forces for maintaining a high level of professional exchanges through regular interactions. Prime Minister Modi appreciated Singapore’s support, as the country coordinator for India-ASEAN dialogue partner relations from 2021-2024, for cohosting the inaugural ASEAN-India Maritime Exercise which allowed India to collaborate with the ASEAN Member States in addressing common maritime security challenges in the region. He also expressed his firm belief in the need to further strengthen such cooperation which enables both sides to address common challenges in contemporary and niche domains and help reap benefits from collective wisdom, in the true spirit of cooperation.

Prime Minister Wong expressed his deep appreciation of India’s consistent support for the Singapore Armed Forces’ training in India which has elevated in both scope and scale in all domains, and welcomed India’s active participation in the regional security architecture, particularly through the ADMM-Plus mechanism.

Both Prime Ministers recognized that bilateral business and commercial linkages constitute key drivers of the wide-ranging India- Singapore partnership. Both Prime Ministers reaffirmed the significance of the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) signed in 2005, and reviewed in 2007 and 2018, for the economic partnership between the two countries.

They desired an early conclusion of the Third Review of CECA, which will ensure the agreement remains fit for the future economies of India and Singapore. They also affirmed the importance of the review of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) to make it more user-friendly, simple, and trade facilitative for business, with the aim to achieve a substantial conclusion in 2025.

Both Prime Ministers agreed that India offers immense investment opportunities for Singaporean investors. Both Prime Ministers also acknowledged the collaborations between Singapore Cooperation Enterprise (SCE) and various states in India on smart cities and urban infrastructure including housing. These include workshops in sustainability and urban water management with India’s Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

Both Prime Ministers also welcomed the signing of the MoU between SCE and the state of Assam on urban planning and management for the city of Guwahati. The Prime Ministers also recognized the progress in the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT) Connect, which is the first-of-its-kind trading linkage between Singapore’s and India’s capital markets established by the Singapore Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India.

The two Prime Ministers noted the signing of the MoU on cooperation in the sphere of law and dispute resolution in March 2024. They agreed to work together to promote the exchange of people, expertise, and information, as well as facilitate, hold, and organize events and courses on international commercial dispute resolution, promotion of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and other areas of mutual interests.

They noted that relevant agencies of the two countries are already working on cooperation in the areas of science and technology. Prime Minister Modi appreciated Singapore’s support for hosting the inaugural ASEAN-India Women Scientists Conclave in Singapore in April 2024. Both Prime Ministers were also appreciative of the ‘India-Singapore e-Workshop: Advancements in Digital Health and Medical Technologies’, held in July 2024, which initiated a dialogue between India and Singapore under the MoU on Science & Technology Cooperation. The Prime Ministers also noted the successful award of the first joint call for the India-Singapore Collaborative Industrial Research and Development Programme in August 2024 and look forward to such continuous collaborations in the coming years.

They agreed to further intensify the strong human, spiritual, and cultural linkages between India and Singapore. Prime Minister Modi expressed deep appreciation for Singapore’s harmonious multicultural society that has supported and provided opportunities for all communities, including the Indian community, to be part of the Singaporean society.

They expressed a convergence of views on various regional and international issues, including the regional security dynamics. Both sides reiterated their desire and determination to work together to maintain peace, stability, growth, and prosperity in the region and beyond.

Underlining the link between prosperity and security, the leaders reaffirmed the importance of maintaining and promoting peace, security, stability, safety, and freedom of navigation in and overflight above the South China Sea, while pursuing the peaceful resolution of disputes in accordance with international law, particularly the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), without resorting to the threat or use of force.

Both sides also called on all parties to resolve disputes through peaceful means without threat or use of force and exercise self-restraint in the conduct of actions that could escalate tensions in the region. Both leaders emphasized the legal framework set out by the UNCLOS within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out, and that UNCLOS is the basis for determining maritime entitlements, sovereign rights, jurisdiction, and legitimate interests over maritime zones.

Both leaders expressed hope for the early conclusion of a substantive and effective Code of Conduct in the South China Sea (COC) in accordance with international law, especially UNCLOS, that does not prejudice the legitimate rights and interests of all nations including those not party to these negotiations.

They recognise that terrorism continues to remain the single most significant threat to peace and stability reiterated their strong
commitment to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, and stressed that there can be no justification for acts of terror on any grounds whatsoever. They affirmed their resolve to fight against global terrorism and terror organisations. The Prime Ministers also called for reinvigorating multilateral action on terrorism, including through reiterating the importance of the conclusion of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism in the United Nations at the earliest.

Both Prime Ministers emphasised the importance of upholding international standards on antimoney laundering and combating
the financing of terrorism, consistent with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations. Both countries reiterated their commitment to work together in FATF and other multilateral platforms.

They lauded the cooperation between both sides at regional and international fora and reaffirmed efforts to strengthen cooperation, particularly in the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO), Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Commonwealth, and related forums as well as other regional cooperation mechanisms.

Prime Minister Wong reaffirmed Singapore’s continuing support for India as a permanent member of a reformed United Nations Security Council. Prime Minister Modi thanked Prime Minister Wong for extending support for India’s candidature as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council for the 2028-29 term.

The Prime Ministers reaffirmed their commitment to work together to promote peace and stability across the Indo-Pacific region. They underlined the importance of an open, inclusive, rules-based, and resilient Indo-Pacific region, which promotes free trade and open markets and where differences are resolved peacefully in accordance with international law. They acknowledged India and Singapore’s close cooperation on, and support for, the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF).

The duo agreed on the importance of ASEAN Centrality in the evolving regional architecture for regional peace, stability, and prosperity. They supported further strengthening the ASEAN-India Comprehensive Strategic Partnership which complements India’s bilateral relations with individual Member States. They appreciated the ASEAN-India Joint Statement on Cooperation on the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) for Peace, Stability, and Prosperity in the Region which provides opportunities for further cooperation between the AOIP and Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative. Prime Minister Modi appreciated the valuable contribution of Singapore as the ASEAN Country Coordinator for India for the period 2021-24.

Both sides also welcomed the Quad’s support for ASEAN centrality, including the Quad’s agenda to support the priorities and needs of countries in the Indo-Pacific region, and explored synergies for mutually beneficial cooperation.

Prime Minister Modi thanked Prime Minister Wong for the warmth of his hospitality and all the excellent arrangements made for the visit. Prime Minister Modi conveyed that India is looking forward to the visit of President Tharman Shanmugaratnam to India next year. Prime Minister Modi also invited Prime Minister Wong to visit India at a mutually convenient time.

Singapore’s reception of Pope Francis began with an official welcome at Parliament House, where he met with President Tharman Shanmugaratnam and Prime Minister Lawrence Wong. In their discussions, President Tharman and Pope Francis underscored the importance of building bridges across faiths, especially in multicultural societies like Singapore, where interfaith harmony is foundational. Pope Francis’ words on nurturing an “attitude of openness” resonated strongly, as they align closely with Singapore’s emphasis on inclusivity and respect for religious diversity. The leaders also shared a dialogue on the urgent need to address climate change, an issue Pope Francis has championed with his emphasis on caring for “our common home.”

Prime Minister Lawrence Wong highlighted the Catholic Church’s historical role in Singapore, particularly its contributions to education, healthcare, and social services. Catholic institutions have long been part of Singapore’s societal fabric, embodying values that align with the nation’s dedication to community welfare. Both leaders expressed confidence that through collaboration and shared values, societies can navigate present challenges and work toward a brighter, united future.

As part of the ceremonial welcome, Singapore honoured Pope Francis by naming a new orchid hybrid in his honour, the ‘Dendrobium His Holiness Pope Francis’. The orchid symbolises the grace and resilience that both the Vatican and Singapore embody, celebrating the blossoming friendship between the two states.

Beyond official meetings, Pope Francis’ visit reached thousands of Catholics and other members of Singapore’s multi-faith community. A Papal Mass at the National Stadium drew an estimated 50,000 people, organised by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Singapore, which extended its gratitude to the government for facilitating such a historic gathering. The mass brought together people from all walks of life, reinforcing Pope Francis’ message of unity and love transcending boundaries.

On his final day, Pope Francis attended an interreligious dialogue with youth at Catholic Junior College. This gathering offered young people from diverse backgrounds an opportunity to exchange ideas on faith and compassion, fostering mutual respect and understanding. Accompanied by prominent Vatican officials, including Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle and Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Pope Francis emphasised that the future depends on a generation capable of valuing diversity while working together for the common good.

Pope Francis’ visit leaves an indelible mark on Singapore, reaffirming a shared dedication to interfaith harmony and collective responsibility. As he departs, Singapore stands with renewed purpose, inspired by this historic milestone and its reminder that in faith and unity lies the strength to overcome division and build a more compassionate world.

INTERVIEW WITH AN AUTHOR

The new book by Mr. Koh Buck Song explores Singapore’s practice of honouring dignitaries with orchid hybrids, highlighting the nation’s multicultural heritage and diplomacy

Q: What inspired Singapore’s orchid diplomacy initiative, and how has it contributed to international relations?

A: Singapore’s diplomatic practice – which is uniquely extensive, and sustained – of naming a new orchid hybrid in honour of a VIP (usually a head of state, or head of government) dates back officially to 1956, during British colonial times. This was when the hybrid Aranthera Anne Black was named after Lady Anne, wife of Sir Robert Brown Black, Governor of the Crown Colony of Singapore from 1955 to 1957.
Since then, more than 280 orchid hybrids have been named after foreign dignitaries and international organisations and events, as gestures of goodwill and friendship. These emblems of soft power – literally soft, with the orchids’ delicate petals and sepals –have deepened longstanding bonds with Singapore’s old friends, and also established enduring affinity with newer partners.

Q: How are orchids selected and hybridized for naming after foreign dignitaries, and what’s the significance?

A: To select the orchids for VIP visitors, Singapore’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) provides the Singapore Botanic Gardens with information such as preferred colours. The Gardens’ team then begins the selection process, usually several weeks in advance of the visit, studying the characteristics of hybrids in bloom at the time, and considering factors such as the plant’s height, number of flowering plants, general vigour, frequency of flowering, and length of flower spray.
The creation of orchid hybrids is undertaken by the orchid hybridisation programme managed by the Singapore Botanic Gardens. On average, hybrids take between three to seven years to reach first flowering, from the day the parents are crossed. The Gardens
has registered more than 660 hybrids as of 2024.

Q: Can you share notable successes or milestones achieved through orchid diplomacy, and how it’s strengthened bilateral relations?

A: One notable success, in terms of public engagement, would be the Dendrobium Kishida Fumio, named after the Prime Minister of Japan when he visited Singapore in June 2022. Mr Kishida took the orchid hybrid with him to Japan. Later, in January 2023, this orchid bloomed at its new home at the Hiroshima Botanical Gardens, just in time for the new year, when temperatures in the city were below zero degrees Celsius. The orchid was displayed to an appreciative public at the entrance lobby of the Gardens’ main conservatory, a greenhouse whose temperature is normally maintained at 15 degrees or higher.
Most of the Hiroshima Gardens’ orchids of a similar variety typically bloom in early summer, but as this Dendrobium is a hybrid, botanists there were at first unsure when it would bloom. The Gardens later said that the flowers could be expected to bloom every year thereafter – in this way, as a lasting reminder of the close ties between Singapore and Japan.

Q: What cultural significance do orchids hold in Singaporean society, and how does orchid diplomacy reflect this?

A: The orchid is an apt icon of Singapore because it holds a special symbolic position, with the orchid hybrid Vanda Miss Joaquim being officially named the national flower in 1981. (The common name “Vanda Miss Joaquim” hybrid is still used, although this hybrid’s genus has been scientifically reclassified as Papilionanthe.)
Today, the Vanda Miss Joaquim represents Singapore in many ways, including:

Q: How will Singapore continue to leverage orchid diplomacy in the future, and what innovations can we expect?

A: It’s difficult to predict exactly what innovations there might be in the future. Singapore’s way of orchid diplomacy has classic elements, such as that every VIP orchid is unique and is never available for sale. And, with the seemingly endless possibilities of orchid hybridisation, it looks like it will always remain authentic to nature.

The week was action-packed for delegates visiting from South Africa and had a meaningful balance of business, trade, and important issues like gender equality, and other cultural elements. As part of the year-long celebration, this event served as both a trade mission and a cultural exchange programme to foster engagement between South Africa and Singapore with the theme, “Celebrating 30 Years of Democracy, Partnership, and Growth.” It created a great bridge to forge meaningful collaborations between Singapore and South Africa.

The week featured an online Colloquium on Future of Work in collaboration with Sun Media. At the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public
Policy, a woman’s forum themed, “Women in Leadership: Advancing Together” was held. The business forum at One World International School Pte Ltd, brought together speakers from Singapore and South Africa on the theme, “Building Future Economy; Future Skills; and Future Manpower”

The week also included National Day Celebration at the Goodwood Park Hotel, Global Women of Influence Awards 2024, the Taste of South Africa at the Official Residence, and the Book Fair themed, “Changing the Narrative.”

To coincide with the Heritage Month, the South African High Commission held the National Day Celebration (27 April) on 27
September 2024. The event was attended by members of the diplomatic community, Chambers of Commerce, officials from Singapore Government and its agencies, visiting South African delegation Brand South Africa, South Africans living in Singapore as well as local partners.

The Guest of Honour representing the Government of Singapore was Dr Janil Puthucheary, Senior Minister of State, Ministry of Digital Development and Information, and Ministry of Health, who was accompanied by Members of Parliament, Mr Don Wee Boon Hong and Mr Saktiandi Supaat. Tribute was paid to South Africa’s democracy, its struggle heroes, including the acknowledgement of the extra-ordinary contribution by the late Nelson Mandela in the political history of South Africa.