The courtesy call highlighted the historical, cultural, and economic ties connecting Mexico, Asia, and Singapore, underscoring a shared Pacific heritage

IN Diplomacy sat down with Ms Nomita Dhar, Editor-in-Chief of Sun Media, in conversation with Dean of Diplomatic Corps, the Mexican Ambassador Agustín García-López Loaeza, to discuss the deep historical roots and evolving partnership between Mexico and Singapore.

The wide-ranging interview explored centuries-old maritime trade routes across the Pacific, the cultural and economic exchanges that shaped early globalisation, and the contemporary significance of Mexico–Singapore relations amid shifting geopolitical dynamics. Against the backdrop of the 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties and Singapore’s announcement of a resident embassy in Mexico, the discussion highlighted shared values, growing economic cooperation, and the strategic importance of strengthening bilateral engagement for the future.

You mentioned earlier that Mexico and Singapore share historical connections that go back centuries. Could you elaborate on that?
Yes, absolutely. One interesting anecdote is that when then–Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong visited Mexico and addressed the Senate, he referred to how Sir Stamford Raffles acquired land from the Sultan using Mexican silver coins. This reflects how deeply interconnected our histories are through global trade.

Here at the museum, you can even see chests containing original silver coins. These coins were highly valued because they were difficult to counterfeit. China, in fact, decided to accept these silver coins instead of gold for taxes and trade, as their authenticity could be trusted. Over time, China accumulated one of the world’s largest silver reserves.

Why were these silver coins so important, particularly in Asia?
China made a deliberate decision to accept silver coins instead of gold for taxes and trade, as their authenticity could not easily be altered. Unlike other coins that could be cut or diluted with cheaper metals, these silver coins maintained their integrity. As a result, China accumulated one of the world’s largest reserves of silver, driven by its successful trade networks.

These coins also played a role in shaping modern currencies, didn’t they?
Yes. The Spanish dollar, also known as the Pillar Dollar, became the first widely used currency in the American colonies because they were not allowed to mint their own coins. This Spanish dollar later became the model for the US dollar. The two columns on the coin inspired the dollar sign we recognise today, and the image of the Spanish king was eventually replaced with George Washington.

How did Mexico, the Philippines, and Asia become so closely linked historically?
It began with early European exploration. Christopher Columbus believed he had reached Asia when he arrived in the Caribbean. Later, Ferdinand Magellan discovered a navigable route around South America, now known as the Strait of Magellan, which allowed ships to reach the Philippines.

Eventually, under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico, the Philippines became administratively connected to Mexico. In 1565, Andrés de Urdaneta discovered a return route across the Pacific, making regular trade between Acapulco and Manila possible. This marked the beginning of the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade, which lasted for 250 years and represented one of the earliest forms of globalisation.

This shared history seems to be reflected in cultural collaborations as well.
Very much so. The exhibition Somos Pacífico (“We Are the Pacific”) tells the story of how our relationship is not new but deeply rooted. Mexico once acted as a bridge between the Pacific and the Atlantic, and today continues to play that role between Asia and the Americas.

We also collaborated closely with institutions such as the Asian Civilisations Museum and the National Gallery. These exhibitions highlight how Asian aesthetics influenced Mexican art and vice versa, including the work of Mexican artists who were inspired by Asia.

This visit also marked an important diplomatic milestone between Mexico and Singapore.
Yes, it coincided with the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between our two countries. A major announcement was Singapore’s decision to open a resident embassy in Mexico. This will be Singapore’s 34th embassy worldwide, the third in the Americas, and its first in a Spanish-speaking country.

This reflects how strategic Mexico is for Singapore and how both countries see each other as like-minded partners in a challenging global environment.

There also appears to be a symbolic connection between both countries’ leaders.
Indeed. When Mexico’s President was Mayor of Mexico City, she won the Lee Kuan Yew World City Prize, one of Singapore’s most prestigious awards for urban governance. It recognises long-term excellence in urban planning, sustainability, mobility, and social policy. That shared experience created a meaningful personal connection between the leaders.

How strong is economic cooperation between Mexico and Singapore today?
It has grown significantly. Trade in goods increased from around US$4 billion in 2019 to approximately US$11 billion, with a fairly balanced trade surplus. Services trade has reached about US$5 billion, covering finance, insurance, digital services, and e-commerce.

Mexico exports products such as avocados, chillies, asparagus, and abalone to Singapore, while Singapore provides advanced electronics, semiconductors, and digital technologies that support Mexico’s manufacturing value chains.

Business engagement also featured prominently during the visit.
Yes. We held a high-level business meeting involving leaders from advanced manufacturing, digital innovation, finance, and logistics. There was strong interest in infrastructure projects, particularly ports and logistics, which are essential for strengthening connectivity between Asia and the Americas.

Major companies expressed confidence in Mexico as a long-term investment destination, reinforcing the complementary nature of our economies.

Finally, what would you consider the ideal outcome of this visit?
The ideal outcome is depth and continuity. The opening of a Singapore embassy in Mexico will allow for stronger networks, better regional knowledge, and deeper engagement across Mexico’s 32 states, each with its own industrial strengths and investment opportunities.

This visit strengthened ties at every level, government, parliament, regional authorities, and the private sector. It laid a solid foundation for a more resilient, strategic, and future-oriented partnership between Mexico and Singapore.

H.E. Suryo Pratomo, Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to Singapore, shares insights on Indonesia’s latest developments, investment opportunities, and bilateral relations with Singapore

SINGAPORE, 27 February 2025 – In an exclusive interview with Sun Media, H.E. Suryo Pratomo, Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to Singapore, discusses the country’s latest developments, investment opportunities, and strong diplomatic ties with Singapore. He highlights Indonesia’s economic resilience, key sectors for growth, and the importance of regional cooperation in fostering long-term prosperity.

Q: With the new government in place, how is the progress in Indonesia?

The new government has already passed the first 100 days. After this period, the President has a clearer understanding of what Indonesia needs. Initially, the President had his own agenda, but now he is focused on deeper implementation.

The first priority is improving the health and well-being of Indonesian children, which is why the government has introduced programs like free healthcare for children. The second priority is strengthening food security. The government has started opening 1 million hectares of land in Papua for rice farming.The third priority is industrialization. We aim to better utilize our natural resources for economic growth. The fourth priority is education, as the government seeks to improve the quality of learning. Lastly, the President is committed to strengthening Indonesia’s sovereignty and territorial protection, ensuring a peaceful and secure environment for the people.

Q: These plans seem beneficial for the people of Indonesia, but they also require significant expenditure. Do you see new opportunities for international investors?

Yes, investment is crucial. The President has set a target for Indonesia’s economic growth to reach 8% in the next two to three years. Over the last decade, our economic growth has been around 5%. To achieve this, both domestic and foreign investments are essential. The government is creating a more business-friendly environment and has introduced incentives to attract foreign investors. Among our international investors, Singapore has been the most significant over the last 10 years. In 2023, Singapore’s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indonesia exceeded USD 20 billion across more than 30,000 projects.

Because of this strong partnership, Indonesia is looking to further strengthen collaboration with Singapore. This year, we also have the Leaders’ Retreat, where Singapore will be the host. The Singaporean government has proposed a date for the meeting, and we are awaiting confirmation from the Indonesian President.

Q: How have people-to-people (P2P) ties evolved during your term, and how is the Indonesian Embassy working to enhance engagement between the two countries?

P2P ties are very important. Every year, Indonesia is the largest source of visitors to Singapore, with 2.2 million Indonesians traveling here. Similarly, around 1.6 million Singaporeans visit Indonesia annually.

The Embassy actively collaborates with Singaporean partners and participates in various cultural events. For example, on Chingay Parade, we had over 40 dancers from Jember perform in Singapore. We are also involved in food festivals, such as the one at PARKROYAL Marina Bay and an event at Grand Mercure for Ramadan.

Q: You mentioned investment from Singapore is substantial. However, Indonesia also produces many goods and services. Are there any initiatives to increase Indonesian exports to Singapore? What is the current trade balance?

Singapore imports 98% of its food supply, making it highly dependent on foreign sources. This presents a great opportunity for Indonesia and other ASEAN countries to supply more food products. Importing from the ASEAN region is also more cost-effective for Singapore compared to sourcing from distant regions.

Q: Batam, Bintan, and Karimun have always been a trusted region in Singapore-Indonesia relations. How do you see this layout in the current government? Will it remain a priority, or are there other areas of focus?

Yes, we have a working group with Singapore, and we are continuously discussing this matter. Many Singaporean ministers actively promote Batam, Bintan, and Karimun because, for Singapore, these areas are crucial. We have an agreement to develop them together. Singapore needs more space, and Indonesia can provide that. The proximity between Batam and Singapore—only 17 kilometers—is an advantage. This is similar to how Singapore is strengthening ties with Johor. Hopefully, we can ignite further collaboration between Singapore, Jakarta, and Indonesia as a whole. If we can successfully cooperate, it will bring benefits to all three regions and their people.

Q: Every year, around 2.5 million Indonesian visitors come to Singapore. Based on your observations, what are their main reasons for visiting? Is it tourism, medical treatment, or education? What trends have you noticed?

It’s a mix of reasons. Some come for medical treatment, some to visit their children studying here, and others for vacations. That’s why we see high demand for flights between Jakarta and Singapore. In fact, the most expensive flight route in terms of price per kilometer is Jakarta-Singapore due to the overwhelming demand.

Q: There is an ongoing trade war and economic uncertainty. How can we mitigate its impact on ordinary people?

Trade wars ultimately hurt consumers, who bear the burden of high prices. This is why we have international institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO)—to resolve trade disputes diplomatically instead of escalating conflicts.

Q: We are entering a month where women are celebrated more than usual. What would you say is the current state of Indonesian women? How are they doing back home? Are there enough opportunities for them?

Indonesia has been working toward gender equality for centuries. Women in Indonesia have long fought for the same opportunities as men. Indonesia has provided opportunities for women to become leaders. Our Speaker of Parliament is a woman, and we have several female ministers. Women in Indonesia hold high-ranking positions, demonstrating their capabilities.

At the same time, women still play a dual role. They have opportunities to reach high positions, but they also remain pillars of their families. Women are responsible for taking care of their households while contributing to the workforce. That is why being a woman in Indonesia is both a challenge and a privilege.

Q: Your President recently visited India for Republic Day. Many agreements were signed, and significant developments took place. Can you share any updates on Indonesia-India relations?

India was the first country to recognize Indonesia’s independence. Both nations were also among the first to establish the Non-Aligned Movement. Indonesia sees India as a key partner. India is set to become the world’s third-largest economy, making it an important player alongside China and the United States. That is why President Prabowo Subianto attended the Republic Day celebrations in India.

During his visit, he brought 400 Indonesian soldiers who participated in India’s Republic Day parade. This demonstrates Indonesia’s commitment to strengthening our long-standing relationship with India and bringing both nations closer together.

Q: Singapore is celebrating its 60th year of independence. How would you describe the relationship between Indonesia and Singapore over the past six decades?

Indonesia and Singapore established diplomatic relations 58 years ago, and our partnership remains very strong. As Prime Minister Lawrence Wong mentioned, our new generation of leaders has inherited a solid foundation from previous administrations. The challenge now is to strengthen our collaboration further. This year is crucial for setting the direction of our future partnership. I believe the next 60 years will bring even closer ties between Indonesia and Singapore.

Indonesia is also preparing for its 80th year of independence. We still have a long journey ahead to achieve our goal of becoming a high-income country. Hopefully, when we celebrate 100 years of independence, we will have achieved our vision of becoming a fully developed nation.

H.E. Dato’ Dr. Azfar bin Mohamad Mustafar, the High Commissioner of Malaysia to Singapore, expressed his enthusiasm on 2025 being a milestone year in Malaysia Singapore ties, stating that “2025 will be an interesting year and an important year for Malaysian High Commission in Singapore.”

He highlighted the successful start to the year, marked by Prime Minister Lawrence Wong’s visit to Malaysia for the annual retreat with Prime Minister Anwar. A key outcome of this meeting was the signing of the Johor Singapore Special Economic Zone, which High Commissioner noted has a “good framework” in place, awaiting private sector to move forward.

This year, also marks a significant milestone in Malaysia-Singapore relations, as they celebrate their 60th anniversary. To commemorate this occasion, the High Commission of Malaysia in Singapore has planned various activities in collaboration with Sun Media, including a seminar on Malaysia’s economic activities and a series of podcasts discussing Malaysia-Singapore relations.

High Commissioner extended an invitation to all, saying, “I encourage all of you to work with us as we celebrate 2025.”

In an exclusive interview with IN Diplomacy, H.E. Alisher Kayumov, Uzbekistan’s Ambassador to Singapore, shares plans for deepening bilateral cooperation across government, business, and education sectors.

Uzbekistan and Singapore are gearing up for a series of strategic collaborations aimed at strengthening bilateral ties. In an exclusive interview with IN Diplomacy on 19 December 2024, H.E. Alisher Kayumov, Ambassador of the Republic of Uzbekistan to Singapore, outlined several initiatives planned for the year 2025.

Government-to-Government Engagements
The Ambassador revealed that Uzbekistan’s parliamentary chairman is expected to visit Singapore in June 2025. This visit will follow the Singapore Business Federation delegation’s trip to Uzbekistan in April, which will include business forums connecting entrepreneurs from both nations. Additionally, Uzbekistan plans to host the Singapore Police Commissioner and Attorney-General, further enhancing cooperation in law enforcement and legal matters.

Economic Partnerships
Uzbekistan is set to host and support several Singaporean investments this 2025. Projects by companies like Indorama, which plans to expand its operations, and Wilmar International, which aims to establish a food production facility, are already underway. Financial services firm Franklin Templeton is also collaborating with Uzbekistan on a major privatisation initiative, reflecting a deepening economic partnership.

Educational and People-to-People Collaboration
Educational cooperation continues to thrive, with institutions like TMC Academy expanding their footprint in Uzbekistan. The academy is constructing its third campus in Tashkent, serving over 7,000 students. Similarly, MDIS is introducing new courses and disciplines, while other Singaporean universities are in talks to collaborate with Uzbek partners.

Upcoming Celebrations and Milestones
The Ambassador highlighted plans for Uzbek delegations to participate in Singapore’s 60th Independence Day celebrations in 2025. Such cultural exchanges are set to further strengthen the people-to-people connections between the two nations.

Reflections on Progress
When asked about the MoUs signed during the Uzbek President’s recent visit, the Ambassador noted steady progress despite minor challenges. Success stories like TMC Academy and MDIS underscore the strength of the bilateral relationship.

H.E. Alisher Kayumov expressed optimism about the initiatives planned for 2025, highlighting the shared commitment of Uzbekistan and Singapore to mutual growth and collaboration.

Source: IN Diplomacy Reporters

IN Diplomacy engaged with the Ambassador of Armenia to Singapore, H.E. Mr. Serob Bejanyan, to discuss the evolving landscape of Armenia’s diplomatic ties and economic relations with Singapore. Highlighting the journey since diplomatic relations were established in 1992, Ambassador Bejanyan shares insights into the challenges and opportunities ahead, emphasizing the potential for mutual growth and collaboration between the two nations

When were diplomatic relations between Singapore and Armenia established?
Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Singapore were established on July 1st, 1992.

Given that the embassy is currently based in Jakarta, how do you effectively engage with Singapore and foster bilateral relations?
Yes, indeed, the embassy is located in Jakarta and covers not only Indonesia, but also Singapore and Malaysia. And, of course, this somehow creates difficulties. However, the embassy endeavors to engage with relevant Singaporean authorities in both the public and private sectors to enhance political and economic relations between the two countries for the benefit of our people.

Unfortunately, the absence of an accredited Singapore embassy in Armenia is another obstacle to the effectiveness of bilateral relations.

Can you provide an overview of the investment and trade ties between Armenia and Singapore?
Armenia and Singapore have been working to strengthen their economic ties, albeit with relatively modest trade and investment volumes. The trade relationship between the two countries certainly has a room for growth.

Armenia offers potential investment opportunities in areas such as information technology, renewable energy, agriculture, and tourism. The Singaporean government and businesses may find Armenia attractive due to its skilled workforce, competitive costs, and strategic location as a gateway to regional markets.

Singapore can serve as a valuable partner for Armenia in accessing markets in Asia, while Armenia provides Singapore with opportunities to tap into the Eurasian Economic Union and the broader Caucasus region.

Surely, there is real potential for deeper cooperation and mutual benefits in the future. In recent years, aluminum products, ores and mines, watches, natural juices, and wine have been exported from Armenia to Singapore. Inversely, pharmaceutical products, electrical, optical, photographic equipment, and machinery are imported from Singapore to Armenia.

What advice do you have for Singaporeans looking to visit Armenia for both business and pleasure?
Overall, visiting Armenia for both business and pleasure can be a rewarding experience, offering a blend of cultural enrichment, business opportunities, and natural beauty. By planning ahead and embracing the local culture, you can make the most of your trip to our fascinating country.

For business purposes, we recommend looking through diverse collection of publications covering Armenia’s economic sectors. Once business interests in Armenia are specified, Enterprise Armenia, the national investment promotion agency of Armenia, is ready to assist business partners by providing a comprehensive range of services throughout the entire investment process, completely free of charges or fees, including providing information on Armenia’s business climate, investment opportunities, and relevant legislation, arranging relevant meetings with actors from the public and private sectors.

I would also like to note that since March 2018, Singaporean citizens are exempt from the need to obtain a visa to visit Armenia. This facilitates visiting and exploring the rich history and culture of Armenia.

How has the Armenian economy been performing recently?
For years, Armenia has been registering constant economic growth of 6-7 percent annually. The year 2020, however, was a year of a global crisis, and Armenia’s economy has faced various challenges, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh.

These factors have had a significant impact on economic performance. But Armenia’s economy decrease was not so dramatic, and in 2021 we recovered the growth rate to 5.7%. This growth trend is constant, and even stronger in 2022 with 12.6% growth. Currently, the main contributors to the GDP are agriculture, industry and construction, as well as service – with booming tourism and IT sectors.

International organizations such as the OECD and The Heritage Foundation consistently rate Armenia highly for its economic freedom.

Armenia also has a strong and stable financial and fiscal system, which is confirmed by the country’s positions in international indices.

What is Armenia’s investment policy and what incentives are offered to foreign investors?
Thanks to the liberal policies adopted by the government, Armenia’s FDI legislation is one of the most flexible and business-oriented ones among emerging markets, so:

• Foreign nationals doing business in Armenia have the right to a 100% ownership of the resident legal entities in Armenia;
• The legislation safeguards investors against discriminatory policies. Investors, regardless of their citizenship receive equal treatment, unless a more favorable regime is provided by a respective treaty;
• Investors have virtually unrestricted access to any sector and location throughout the country;
• Companies owned by foreign nationals have the right to purchase land. Foreign citizens can have long-term lease contracts.

The Government of Armenia, as part of its steadfast commitment to promote economic development, investment, innovation, entrepreneurship, and social welfare, provides a diverse array of tax incentives, as well as implements state support programs. These initiatives collectively contribute to fostering a favorable and supportive business environment in Armenia.

• Tax exemption for activities in bordering and other communities. Exemptions from VAT and corporate taxes
• Customs duties exemption: Customs duties exemption on the import of equipment and raw materials from non-EAEU countries within the framework of export-oriented investment projects
• VAT exemption: Majority of production equipment and raw materials imported for further processing are exempt from VAT
• IT sector: 10% reduction of the income tax on employees’ salaries for licensed tech startups
• Medical Sector: Exemption from VAT for the sale and provision of prosthetic and orthopedic accessories, medical equipment, medical products and medical assistance services
• Compensation for attraction of highly qualified workers: Up to 70% reimbursement to the companies on wages paid to highly qualified specialists
• Infrastructure in exchange for investment: The government helps fund the construction of roads, water supply systems, power supply systems, gas supply systems, drainage systems, and telecommunications systems. The assistance will be in the amount of 10% of total investment of up to 500 million drams and 20% of total investment of more than 500 million drams
• Subsidized credit and leasing for new equipment, devices, and their parts: The government of Armenia subsidizes loans for the aforementioned purposes at 6-8%, and leases at 8-10%
• Reimbursement for manufacturing economic complex products: Companies with at least 1 billion AMD capital investment can access up to 35% reimbursement of total capital investments made

Which sectors do you encourage foreign investors to explore in Armenia?
Armenia’s focus on economic diversification, innovation and structural reforms has established a strong growth foundation across multiple sectors. From Information Technologies and Tourism to Agriculture and Manufacturing, the local economy offers enormous business opportunities for foreign and domestic investors.

+ AGRICULTURE
Armenia stands out with unique climatic conditions and vast natural resources, making the country a lucrative agricultural destination. Meanwhile, the sector is actively modernizing, and large-scale initiatives are being implemented in Armenia in areas like greenhouse construction, intensive orchards, smart cattle barns, etc. State beneficial policies and dozens of supporting, financing and subsidizing programs significantly ameliorate the sector, attracting more investments in it. Modern farming techniques and export-oriented agricultural products thus offer profitable investment opportunities.

+ PHARMACEUTICALS
Pharmaceuticals is a dynamically growing sector in Armenia, with potential in the generics production, active pharmaceutical ingredients, CRO, CMO, and research and development. The average hourly compensation in the pharmaceutical market in Armenia is 2.6 USD/hour, 20.4 times lower than 52.2/USD/hour, the average labor cost among the world’s top 10 pharmaceutical exporter countries.

The demand for active pharmaceutical ingredients can be seen in both the local market (Armenia imports 100% of APIs needed for local pharmaceutical production), as well as in the markets of Armenia’s foremost trade partners and export destinations. Local producers cover less than 15% of the domestic market.

+ TEXTILE AND APPAREL
The Textile and Clothing Industry is becoming more and more interesting for investors as famous brands are already outsourcing their productions to Armenia. Despite offering a highly cost-effective talent pool with lower salaries, the Armenian clothing and garment industry stands out with high standards in responsible business conduct, which is an essential prerequisite for the increased demand by big multinational corporations. From 2018 to 2022, the textile industry experienced a 19% annual average production growth in this industry.

+ TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY
Famed for its vast cultural heritage, modern touristic infrastructures, and diverse experiences, Armenia attracts an increasing number of tourists annually. This creates a number of advantages for attracting new investments in touristic infrastructures and hospitality.
Countrywide construction of hotels and resorts is in high demand.
In 2023, Armenia welcomed 2.3 million tourists coming to the country, marking a nearly 30% increase compared to 2019.

+ FOOD PROCESSING
The food processing industry in Armenia is one of the most significant sectors of the country, and accounts for a substantial portion of its exports. In 2022, Armenia recorded a higher than 40% growth rate in its exports of processed food production.

+ WINEMAKING
Armenia’s winemaking renaissance positions it on the world wine map. From 2016 to 2022, investment in Armenia’s viticulture and winemaking industry grew 10 times.

+INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Armenia is now on a path of modernizing the traditional sectors of the economy and promoting the tech sector, where Armenia has accumulated immense potential to become a regional innovation hub.
The role of the technology sector in diversifying Armenia’s economy is quite significant and is key in forming the nation’s middle class.

Being a regional tech hub, Armenia aspires to become a global tech hub. Thanks to specialized university programs, government assistance, and most importantly, a competitive talent pool, we’ve been able to attract multiple renowned IT companies which currently operate in Armenia. To name a few, Siemens, Teamviewer, Nvidia, AMD, Synopsis, Adobe, and many others have hired thousands of local specialists for their global operations, especially in their research and development activities. Similarly, homegrown companies, including the first regional unicorn, Picsart, are also driving Armenia’s economic growth and innovation. The well-established talent pool of professionals makes the future of Armenia’s vibrant tech ecosystem promising. Preparing future talents to sustain Armenia’s labor effectiveness is one of the long-term goals of the tech industry. There are free educational programs throughout Armenia that teach children and adolescents programming, graphic design, 3D modeling and much more. TUMO Center for Creative Technologies and ARMATH Engineering Laboratories are among the 200 R&D hubs in Armenia.

Could you describe Armenian cuisine and recommend restaurants where readers can try it?
Armenian cuisine is known for its rich flavors, use of fresh ingredients, and traditional cooking techniques that have been passed down through generations. Here are some key dishes and recommended restaurants, where readers can try Armenian cuisine:

• Khorovats (Armenian Barbecue) consists of skewered and grilled meat, typically marinated in spices and herbs. It’s a popular dish enjoyed at gatherings and celebrations;
• Tolma (Dolma) is a dish made from grape leaves stuffed with a mixture of rice, minced meat (often beef or lamb), herbs, and spices. It’s usually served with matsun (yogurt) or a tangy sauce;
• Lavash is a soft, thin flatbread that is a staple of Armenian cuisine. It’s typically served with various dishes or used to wrap khorovats and other fillings. You can find freshly baked lavash at local bakeries and markets throughout Armenia;
• Harissa is a traditional Armenian dish made from cooked wheat and meat (usually chicken or lamb), seasoned with spices, and slow-cooked to a porridge-like consistency. It’s often served during festive occasions. Although the Harissa festival in the village of Musaler near Yerevan is not a restaurant, it is famous for the fact that every third Sunday of September, in honor of salvation during the 1915 genocide, it is prepared in huge quantities and served free to all people;
• Armenian cuisine features a variety of cheeses, including string cheese (chechil), aged cheeses, and fresh cheeses like panir;
• Armenian Sweets are often made with nuts, honey, and fruits. Traditional sweets include paklava, gata (a sweet pastry), and sujukh (walnuts threaded onto a string and dipped in grape molasses);
• Armenian Wine: Armenia has a long history of winemaking, dating back thousands of years. Visitors can sample Armenian wines at wine bars and tasting rooms in Yerevan.
  These are just a few examples of Armenian dishes that tourists can find in all restaurants in Armenia. Exploring local markets, bakeries, and restaurants in Yerevan and beyond will provide visitors with a delicious culinary experience and a taste of Armenian hospitality.

What products made in Armenia would you like to introduce to the region?
Introducing products made in Armenia to the region can provide an opportunity to demonstrate the country’s unique cultural heritage and quality craftsmanship. Here are some products from Armenia that could be presented in the region:

• Armenian Brandy: Armenia is famous for its brandy, whose long history of production dates back to the 19th century. Armenian brandy, also known as “cognac,” is made from local grapes and aged in oak barrels, resulting in a smooth and flavorful spirit;
• Armenian Carpets and Textiles: Armenian carpets are prized for their intricate designs, vibrant colors and traditional craftsmanship. One of them can be seen in a small museum hall next to the Armenian Church in Singapore, which was presented to Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong during his official visit to Armenia in 2019;
• Armenian Delicacies: Armenia produces a variety of delicacies including dried fruits, nuts, preserves, jams, and honey. These high-quality, locally produced products could appeal to consumers in the region seeking natural and healthy food products with a unique taste;
• Armenian Jewelry: Armenian jewelry reflects the country’s rich cultural heritage and craftsmanship, with designs inspired by ancient motifs and traditions;
• Armenian Wine: Armenia’s wine industry is developing, and the country’s reputation for producing high-quality wines from local grape varieties is growing. As far as I know, Armenian wine, as well as brandy, can be found in some online stores and restaurants in Singapore.

Can you share a brief overview of your diplomatic career and experience.
I began my diplomatic career at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1998, working in various departments of the MFA, and embassies. In 2006, I was posted to Greece for 3 years. During 2014-2018, I was Envoy, DCM of the Armenian Mission to NATO in Brussels, Belgium.

Before coming to the region, I was the Director of the Media and Public Diplomacy Department of the MFA.

What is your message to Singapore investors and travelers?
Armenia offers unique advantages and countless opportunities for those seeking to expand their horizons. We extend an open invitation to investors from Singapore to explore the vast potential that Armenia holds. With a liberal investment environment, supportive government policies, and a skilled workforce, Armenia presents attractive prospects for foreign investment.

As to travelers, we invite you to explore our beautiful country, rich in culture and history that goes back thousands of years. Explore ancient monasteries, enjoy delicious cuisine, and immerse yourself in the warmth of Armenian hospitality.

Related article:
FEATURED INVESTMENT DESTINATION: Armenia A Promising Destination for Global Investors click here

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The former Peruvian Ambassador to Singapore can proudly look back to share the many milestones the country achieved with IN Diplomacy Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Ms Nomita Dhar

EXCELLENCY, congratulations for bringing the relationship between Singapore and Peru to such amazing heights and for the successful completion of your tenure. How was journey in Singapore?

I came in September 2018 and it has been a very interesting five years with all the ups and downs because of the effects of the pandemic. When we arrived here, we had a very specific problem: to reinforce the bilateral links between Peru and Singapore through several very important mechanisms.

One was the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) – an FTA between Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, New Zealand, Singapore and Vietnam). And the other was the Pacific Alliance. We were involved in negotiations with Singapore to finally conclude and sign the agreement. It was a very prolonged and difficult negotiation, but we made it despite the effects of the pandemic. There were many virtual negotiating sessions but finally, we were able to sign the Pacific Alliance (PA) Agreement with Singapore in February 2022.

Then three and a half years into my tenure here Peru decided to join Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA). Finally, my country was completely persuaded about the benefits to join this very important partnership in the digital realm. Peru has already presented an official request to join DEPA, and the state partners of this agreement are assessing the Peruvian request. We hope to join by 2024.

But in general terms, to make Peru more known to Singaporeans, we also organized many cultural events during the past five years, even if it had to be in a virtual setting. These included seven film festivals and exhibitions such as the one on photography of the 12 Peruvian sites registered in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It was held in the Singapore Botanic Gardens in 2021 to celebrate the bicentennial of the Peruvian independence.

Ambassador, you had an almost 360-degree engagement with Singapore and helped raise Peru’s diplomatic profile and engagement that also left a mark in many of us here and we are grateful for that. Thank you too for supporting our World Opportunities Forum. It’s been a pleasure working with you. I hope things get better and the distance shorter between Singapore and Peru.

I will still be keeping in touch with Asian countries in Peru as I am going to assume a new role as Chair of the Senior Official Meetings of APEC. APEC is going to take place in my country next year. We have to organise more than 100 meetings, similar to the G20 organised by India this year. While there are 20 country members in the G20, there are 21 members’ economies (including Singapore) in APEC.

The position that I am going to assume is to propitiate a common ground for consensus because all the decisions in APEC have to be made by consensus, so it’s going to be a very challenging job but very stimulating at the same time. This is going to allow me to continue being in touch with Asian countries because many of the Southeast Asian countries here are member economies of APEC: Singapore, ������, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Vietnam, and important economies in Northern Asia like Japan, Korea, and China. Other member economies are Australia and New Zealand, Russia, United States, Mexico, Chile, Peru and Papua New Guinea.

When this Asia Pacific community meets in Peru next year, it’s going to be a very good opportunity for my country to showcase not just the advancements of Peru in the last few years, but to also reinforce our links together.
Tourist numbers to Peru flourished for a little while pre-pandemic. How is it now?
Before the pandemic, there was a very significant increase for Singaporean visits to my country in 2017- it was approx. 2000 travellers. It wasn’t many, but in a short frame of time by 2019, it increased to 3,000! In only two years, there was an increase of almost 30%!

There were many plans made by Peru’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Tourism to promote tourism by developing many events in Singapore to reinforce its (tourism) strength. Unfortunately, due to the start of the pandemic in 2020, Singaporean tourist found it very, very, very difficult to visit through Peru. Now, we are renewing our efforts to promote visits from Singaporeans.

The previous trend is starting to register again from a low base of around 800 Singaporeans last year but apparently there is already increased interest by travellers here to visit my country. I think the Orchids of Machu Picchu exhibition in August at Gardens by the Bay contributed to this heightened interest. Machu Picchu is one of Peru’s, indeed South America’s most important tourist attractions.

Ambassador, you’ve been very close to the Diplomatic Corps, do you have any message for them?
I have developed very good relations with my colleagues. I think it’s extremely important for an ambassador to establish the largest social network possible, not only for the benefit of his or her own country but to be able to enjoy life – that too is very important.

I would like to tell my colleagues that Singapore is a magnificent diplomatic posting and that they should take advantage of the privilege of living and working here. And I think the diplomatic corps here is very united group. We frequently meet and celebrate and are close together. I think that is very important for my colleagues to notice all the opportunities here not only in terms of business, trade or investment, but also in terms of health promotion, gastronomic promotion, even social promotion that Singapore offers here in South East Asia!

For more on Peru

BILATERAL RELATIONS: Peru & Singapore Partners in Free, Fair & Open Trade Click here

PERU-SINGAPORE ECONOMIC SNAPSHOTS Click here

PERU 2022/23 EVENTS HIGHLIGHTS Click here

A Look at Peru and Gold Mining Sector Click here

The Ambassador of the Kingdom of ������ to Singapore, H.E. Chutintorn Gongsakdi, in a conversation with Editor-in-Chief Nomita Dhar sheds light on his distinguished career as a diplomat and the thriving bilateral relations between ������ and Singapore

AS a seasoned diplomat, could you share some insights into the challenges and rewards of your work in strengthening ������’s diplomatic ties with other nations, and what have you learned from your experiences?
Diplomacy is both challenging and rewarding. It requires patience, negotiation skills and adaptability. The reward lies in building bridges between nations and fostering cooperation. From my experiences, I’ve learned the importance of dialogue, understanding different cultures and the potential for diplomacy to bring positive change to the world. It’s been a lifelong journey of growth and learning.

The Royal Thai Embassy is located in the heart of Singapore. Could you share more about the origins of the embassy?
Yes indeed, the location of our Embassy is very central and it does belong to us. Originally it was called “Hurricane House”. In the location of the1890s it was bought by Siamese King Rama V (1868 – 1910), HRH used it as his residence during his visits to Singapore. HRH bought it in 1897.

In 2013 it was rebuilt to what you see today and now we have four new blocks which are – Pavilion, Embassy building,
visa section and the Ambassador’s residence where we welcome guests often and engage them with Thai hospitality and culture.

Ambassador you presented your credentials in 2022, what was your takeaway and learning?
Singapore’s approach to planning and its vision for the future are commendable. It influences our bilateral relations positively as we collaborate in various sectors. Singapore’s strategic planning aligns with our mutual goals, particularly in economic cooperation and regional development, making our partnership even stronger.

An important aspect of ������-Singapore partnership is your collaboration in the defence sector?
Yes, there are regular high-level visits, cross-attendance of courses, and professional exchanges that have fostered mutual understanding and close friendships among personnel from both Armed Forces. During my term, prestigious military awards were conferred to ������’s military leaders.

How has your Embassy been engaging with Singaporeans?
We have been holding events like the Thai Festivval 2022, Orchid Extravaganza 2023 and Mid-Autumn Festival, which serve as vibrant showcases of Thai culture in Singapore. These events are cultural bridges that connect our nations. They celebrate the diversity and beauty of Thai culture while fostering understanding and friendship. Through collaborations with Gardens by the Bay, we highlight shared cultural heritage and the importance of preserving it. The recognition of Kebaya as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage nomination exemplifies our commitment to this shared heritage.

������ Week 2023 is a testament to our cultural richness and ability to blend tradition with modernity. It provides a platform for cultural diplomacy and showcases our vibrant heritage. The celebration of Muay Thai not only highlights its physical prowess but also its cultural significance, reinforcing ������’s soft power on the global stage.

Please tell us more about ������’s promotion of sustainable tourism, including initiatives like the “Drive of the Year 2023?
Sustainable tourism is vital in preserving ������’s natural splendour. Collaborative initiatives like the “Drive of the Year 2023” demonstrate our commitment to sustainable practices.

By showcasing ������’s captivating landscapes and fostering collaboration with Singapore, we not only promote eco-friendly tourism but also strengthen the bond between our nations.

How does The Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) contribute to ������’s development and regional economic integration?
The EEC is pivotal in ������’s economic transformation. Its strategic location and comprehensive development plan align with ������ 4.0, making it a regional economic hub.

Thank you your Excellency for sharing your valuable time and thoughts with our readers. We wish you all the best for the next phase of your life.

FOR MORE ON THAILAND

• INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES: The EEC: A Gateway to Prosperity click here

• NATURAL ATTRACTIONS: Nurturing ������’s Natural Splendor: Driving Home Sustainability and Friendship click here

• EDUCATION: Penny Chong Guides the Way for Inclusiveness in Learning click here
  

Celebrating the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Singapore and Finland, the Finnish Ambassador shared his thoughts and impressions of Singapore, as his four years tenure comes to an end

AMBASSADOR Vänskä marveled at Singapore’s captivating blend of cultures, people, and delectable cuisine. The unexpected lushness of the city-state, with its green parks and jungles seamlessly woven into the urban fabric, left a lasting impression. “It is really, really a ‘garden’ city,” he enthused, highlighting Singapore’s distinctive charm. Reflecting on what he would replicate in his home country, Ambassador Vänskä commended Singapore’s dynamic and forward-thinking approach. He praised the city-state’s penchant for systematic planning and its openness to adopting best practices from around the world. This drive to shape the future and benchmark against global standards stood out as a valuable lesson.

Turning our attention to Finland, Ambassador Vänskä shared the secret of the nation’s remarkable consistency in topping global happiness charts. He attributed this achievement to the Finns’ genuine appreciation for life’s modest joys and a steadfast commitment to maintaining a robust work-life balance. “We don’t live for work only,” he underscored, emphasising the importance of harmony between professional and personal pursuits. This year marks the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Singapore and Finland. Ambassador Vänskä highlighted a special commemorative event to mark the occasion.

The Singapore Botanic Gardens is part of the celebrations and was held on 28th July 2023. The Second Minister for Foreign Affairs, Dr. Maliki Osman and the Singapore ambassador to Finland, Professor Cheong Koon Hean participated in the event, symbolizing the enduring friendship between the nations. Two rare tree species of the Diospyros collection were planted, which added on to the Gardens’ valuable collection of more than 70 species. A similar tree-planting ceremony took place at Kalasatama Park in Helsinki on 28th August 2023.

As his tenure in Singapore is over, Ambassador Vänskä revealed his upcoming assignment – a return to the headquarters of the Finnish foreign ministry in Helsinki. Following Finnish diplomatic practice, he highlighted the alternating two periods of service abroad and one period at home. Having amassed valuable experience during his time in Washington DC and Singapore, Ambassador Vänskä is prepared to contribute to the ministry’s strategic efforts from his home country.

IN Diplomacy sought the views of H.E. Ahmed Thasmeen Ali, the High Commissioner of Maldives to Singapore, on bilateral ties, trade initiatives, investment opportunities, and upcoming programmes that bring both island nations together

How would you describe the current state of bilateral ties between Maldives and Singapore?

HC: The bilateral ties between Maldives and Singapore is excellent. We’ve had long-standing good relations at both the Government-to-Government level and among the people. Our relationship continues to strengthen.

Can you provide an overview of the major agreements or partnerships that exist between Maldives and Singapore?

HC: Certainly! We have some significant agreements and partnerships between our countries. For instance, the Singapore Cooperation Programme (SCP) has seen substantial participation from Maldivian individuals. There’s also a 2-year Technical Assistance Programme set to start this year, signed during President Solih’s State Visit to Singapore in 2019.

In terms of trade facilitation, are there any ongoing initiatives to further strengthen trade ties?

HC: We are actively coordinating efforts to explore new avenues for exporting food products to Singapore, with a particular focus on fresh seafood. This is possible due to the current level of air connectivity between our countries.

How has the High Commission of Maldives in Singapore actively contributed to promoting bilateral investment and trade between the two countries?

HC: The High Commission has been actively involved in promoting investment and trade between Maldives and Singapore. We collaborate closely with various Chambers of Commerce in Singapore, as well as with Tourism partners like NATAS, Enterprise Singapore, and Temasek Foundation. We also act as a bridge between businesses seeking to invest in or expand their operations to Maldives and relevant authorities in Maldives.

Are there any recent success stories or notable investments made by Singaporean companies in the Maldives? How have these investments contributed to the bilateral relationship?

HC: Certainly! Several Singaporean companies have made significant investments in the tourism sector in Maldives. Many renowned hotel franchises from Singapore have established their presence in our country, and this has greatly contributed to strengthening our bilateral relationship.

Are there any specific sectors or industries in which Maldives is actively seeking investment from Singapore? What makes these sectors attractive for Singaporean investors?

HC: Yes, Maldives is actively seeking investment from Singapore in sectors such as tourism diversification, renewable energy, waste management, and vocational training. These sectors offer growth potential and the opportunity to contribute to sustainable development in Maldives, making them attractive to Singaporean investors.

How has the Maldives positioned itself as an attractive investment destination?

HC: Maldives has enjoyed strong and sustained economic growth. The country’s infrastructure, including connectivity, has seen considerable development. The annual growth was 6.4% in the five years prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Maldives has pro-market policies and offers a liberal and transparent business environment. These include no restrictions on repatriation of profits and capital proceeds, no foreign exchange restrictions, and the availability of international arbitration and dispute settlement. It has an educated and tech-savvy young workforce, with 98% literacy and 63% mobile internet usage in 2019. The regulations governing foreign investments have been streamlined, with clear and convenient procedures for investors looking to invest in Maldives.

What are the key responsibilities of the High Commission of Maldives in Singapore in terms of facilitating bilateral ties, investment, and trade? How does the High Commission support the overall diplomatic relationship between the two countries?

HC: The High Commission acts as the main medium through which all bilateral activities between Maldives and Singapore take place. It facilitates, coordinates, and executes all Government-to-Government activities and cooperation between the two countries.

Are there any current or upcoming initiatives, events, or programmes involving Maldives that will take place in Singapore this year?

HC: Yes, there are several initiatives and events involving Maldives scheduled to take place in Singapore this year. These include participation in the ITB Singapore, NATAS Fair, Singapore Red Cross charity food fair, travel agents and media briefing on investment opportunities in Maldives, and think tank discussions.

With the upcoming 2023 Maldivian presidential election scheduled for September, what impact do you foresee on the bilateral relationship between Maldives and Singapore?

HC: The upcoming presidential election is an important event for Maldives, and the result will play a crucial role in shaping the country’s future policies and direction. However, historically, our bilateral relationship has remained strong and unaffected by political changes. We are confident that our enduring partnership will continue to flourish regardless of the election outcome.

IN DIPLOMACY SPECIAL Maldives Supplement

● MALDIVES AND SINGAPORE VITAL DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS – Introduction

● MALDIVES CELEBRATES 59TH INDEPENDENCE DAY and WISHES SINGAPORE A HAPPY NATIONAL DAY by Mr Abdulla Shahid, Foreign Minister of Maldives

● CLIMATE CHANGE: STRIVING TO LEAD BY EXAMPLE Interview with Minister of State for Environment, Climate Change and Technology Ms Khadeeja Naseem

● INVESTING IN CUTTING-EDGE EDUCATION IN PARADISE

● COME EXPERIENCE LIFE IN THE MALDIVES